Beating Heart Bypass Surgery and Minimally Invasive Conduit Harvesting: Cardiosurgical Techniques, Anesthesia Management
In the early days of cardiac surgery, but also in the following four decades, median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass were nearly always included in cardiac surgical procedures. Less invasive surgical techniques were developed with the aim of reducing perioperative trauma without compromising the surgical result, and things became more complex for cardiac surgeons.
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